How does Kaspa penalize transactions that create very small outputs?

Kaspa's storage mass formula assigns higher cost to transactions whose outputs carry very small KAS values. Because the formula sums the inverse of each output value, a tiny output contributes a disproportionately large amount to storage mass — and that mass is what caps how many such transactions fit in a block. This mechanism discourages "dust": near-worthless outputs that would otherwise accumulate in the UTXO set and burden every node indefinitely. For a beginner, the practical effect is that sending a very small amount of KAS may carry a higher-than-expected fee, nudging the network toward economically meaningful output sizes.